Intraoperative monitoring electrodes are often used in neurological surgery to assess function of the somatosensory pathways during surgical procedures in which the cerebrum, brainstem, or spinal cord is at risk of getting injured and to localize the sensorimotor cortex. It includes both continuous monitoring of neural tissue as well as the localization of vital neural structures. Intraoperative neuromonitoring protects patients by monitoring the central nervous system (the brain, nerves, and spinal cord) when it is at risk during surgery.
Intraoperative monitoring includes various procedures and modalities used during surgery to monitor neural pathways during high-risk vascular, orthopedic, neurosurgical, and peripheral nerve surgeries. In short, it is a surgical aid that assists in providing a positive surgical outcome for each patient. In spinal surgery, intraoperative monitoring electrodes are used to evaluate the integrity of the nervous system while patients undergo procedures that have the potential to cause injury to the nervous system, mainly the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
Intraoperative monitoring electrodes attached to the patient's relevant anatomy continuously transmit information, which can be viewed on a monitor. Intraoperative monitoring refers to the use of electrophysiological methods such as EEG, EMG, and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (the brain, nerves, and spinal cord) during the surgery. Intraoperative electrodes available in a variety of options to provide doctors with useful, real-time EEG data during various mapping/monitoring procedures.
Thus, with the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and neurological disorders worldwide, the use of intraoperative monitoring electrodes is also increasing with a rapid pace. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2019, neurological conditions account for around 33,172 deaths; 40% (213,129) in men and 60% (320,043) in women. Age-standardized death rates vary across countries from a high in the United States of America (47.4 deaths per 100,000 population) to a low in Venezuela (6.6 deaths per 100,000 population).
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